Why are parts of the US a broadband backwater?

For the second year running, the U.S. ranked 15th among the 30 members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development in terms of broadband availability.

This article from Business Week is worth reading because it details exactly how bad our internet is. Did you know you can get speeds of up to 120 MBps in Japan, and that over there 60 is common? By contrast, the fastest Verizon offers (non-business) is 15MBps! And that's for those of us living in big cities where there's plenty of competition!

This piece from Save The Internet follows up on that:

Across the state, 95 towns have limited or no access to high-speed Internet. People in Massachusetts’ more rural western half have had to resort to a game of Internet hide and seek — searching out wireless hotspots, with laptops plugged into car lighters and nestled in their laps.

Maureen Mullaney of Ashfield, Massachusetts, lives in one of these under-served towns. She seeks out these roadside hotspots so her children can do research for school projects. “How silly is it that in this day and age you have to get in your car, drive to the general store so your daughter can researchers the rivers and traditional clothing of Chile?” she asks.

And:

In real terms this means Internet users in Japan pay little more than half the price (65 cents to the dollar) for an Internet connection that’s 20 times faster than what’s commonly available to people in the United States.

Yep. Their point is that we don't have a national broadband plan in place to change this, and the current administration has blocked any attempts by declaring that the free market will solve all problems. As we can see (especially now) that is not true. When President Obama is in office and we have Democratic majorities in both houses, it'll be time to get it right.

Support Representative Edward Markey's Net Neutrality bill

Finally, a bill is being introduced which will legislate Net Neutrality into being. Massachusetts Representative Edward Markey is introducing HR 5353(pdf file). The essence of this bill is that it would prohibit "unreasonable interference from or discrimination by network operators" to "to preserve and promote the open and interconnected nature of broadband networks".

Naturally the telecommunications companies are opposed to this bill:

Markey's proposal was greeted with skepticism by some telecommunications companies. An advocacy group that represents some of the companies, called Hands Off the Internet, said it had no objection to studying the issue but opposed any further regulations.

Such regulations "will create uncertainty for investors and Internet service providers that must build the infrastructure to meet consumer demands," said Hands Off the Internet.

(Read the comments on this post for more information about Hands Off the Internet.)

Read some of my older posts for discussions of Net Neutrality.

I have not changed my position: I strongly favor writing Net Neutrality into law and preventing any possible abuses before they occur, although some may have already. TWM officially endorses Mukasey's bill. If you want to offer your support, go here or look up your politicians through Project Vote Smart and make your voice heard. As always, you can make a difference, so don't be afraid to write your call your elected representatives.

Exposing the truth about Net Neutrality

And the truth is that we absolutely need it passed into law because of actions like this:

Last week the Associated Press reported that “Comcast Corp. actively interferes with attempts by some of its high-speed Internet subscribers to share files online, a move that runs counter to the tradition of treating all types of Net traffic equally.” Specifically, the AP said that the company was blocking the ability of subscribers to upload files using the BitTorrent file sharing network.

And no, it's not about blocking illegal file-sharing.

This has nothing to do with copyright enforcement. While BitTorrent can be used illegally to share copyrighted files, it is also used by many to legally share all sorts of digital files. The company behind BitTorrent has even announced deals with major TV and film studios to use its peer to peer technology to speed up the delivery of media to customers. Some software developers are also using BitTorrent to efficiently distribute very large files.

What is it about?

Comcast has not officially commented on these allegations other than to tell the AP and others that it needs to protect its network from a very small cadre of abusive customers who use far more than their share of Internet bandwidth. Responding to a question from a moderator at a panel at last weeks’ Web 2.0 conference in San Francisco, Amy Banse, president of Comcast Interactive Media, reportedly told the audience that the company is trying to guard against the .01% of “what we call excessive use.”

Ok, those of you who oppose Net Neutrality, I can already hear some of your arguments. Comcast is guarding against excessive use? Who decides what excessive use is? I use Time Warner myself, and I pay for a certain upload/download speed (which I rarely ever get to use at full speed, what with cable internet being structured the way it is). As far as I'm aware, there is no cap on the amount of data I can download per month. So if I'm downloading and uploading simultaneously all day every day, there shouldn't be anything wrong with that. What's actually going on is that the cable company is selling the same bandwidth over and over again to multiple users. That means we can't all be on it at the same time or it'll get completely clogged up and slowed down. And while I would hate for someone to be on my node downloading all day and never letting me use my fair share of bandwidth, I don't think it's an equitable solution for my cable company to simply cut that person off.

Not that they shouldn't enforce some kind of equitable distribution of bandwidth. The first solution is that they shouldn't put more of us on a node than the node can handle if we all decide to use it. That may create some loss for the company as slack time on the node means they invested more in infrastructure than they absolutely had to to simply provide us all internet access, but I'm not as concerned by that as I am by the fact that I paid for a service I may not get (my 7Mbps speed, that is). The second solution is to simply downgrade one of these power-user's speed to make up the difference to the rest of us.

Having said all that, the real, foremost problem here is that Comcast was specifically targeting BitTorrent users. Although in practical terms your ISP has to know where you traffic is coming from, it really shouldn't know that. Furthermore it should certainly not have the right to act on that. I don't care what anyone is downloading from BitTorrent, legal or illegal, porn or the cure for cancer; Comcast has no right to decide what traffic is allowed or not. These users paid for access to the internet just like I did, and they should be able to use their connections as they see fit.

Furthermore, before those libertarian arguers come to the fore, we are all hostages. No, you can't really shop around for an ISP that'll give you a contract that guarantees you a connection speed and never to monitor your internet traffic. None of them promise that. And even if there are some that do, I've got two choices in my area. One is dubious and the other is just as dubious. If he wants to, Xanthippas can tell you more about how contracts that you have no alternative to are perfectly acceptable to American law.

Let's see, what else has happened that inclines us to support Net Neutrality? Let's, see, AT&T has censored broadcasts and performances, most notably Pearl Jam; AT&T also reserves the right to cancel service of anyone who criticizes AT&T (although I hear they're going to change that language) as does Verizon; Verizon recently had a debacle over blocking pro-choice text messaging, and of course you've also had stories of ISPs handing info over to the Feds without any kind of warrant!

That last example may not strictly fall under Net Neutrality, but it does go to show that ISPs are none too careful with your privacy. No matter what your objections to Net Neutrality might be at this point, the lack of legislation directly contributes to these kinds of situations. It must be remedied, and soon.

Net Neutrality III

In case you're not a tech-head, you may not have gotten caught up in the (mostly online) debate about Net Neutrality. You can read my old posts as an explanation of what it is, who's for and against it, and what you can do about it. You might want to educate yourself on it because it's gaining recognition as an important issue. In truth, it's not really a conservative vs. liberal issue so much as it is a individual vs. corporation issue. The only problem is that the conservatives are allied with the big telecoms, which is why they've been making a fuss by blocking any Net Neutrality legislation thus far. This article in the Washington Post provides a good summary thus far. Here's why people are for Net Neutrality:

Net neutrality is a principle that bars Internet providers, primarily phone and cable companies, from charging higher rates to Web-based firms in return for giving their content priority treatment on the pathways to consumers. Without such restrictions, proponents say, a user might find it time-consuming, or even impossible, to call up a favorite site that carriers have relegated to slower lanes for economic or even philosophical reasons.

Here's why people are against it:

Net neutrality restrictions "could prevent broadband providers from offering enhanced levels of service for specialized applications such a telemedicine, or to offer their own branded or co-branded products or services," said Christopher Wolf, co-chairman of Hands Off the Internet, a group sponsored by phone and cable companies . Such arrangements, he said at a recent Federal Trade Commission workshop, "will help pay for the build-out of the next generation of Internet pipes."

And in rebuttal:

Moreover, Wolf said, his industry's critics cannot cite an example in which any U.S. user has been blocked.

But some groups that rely heavily on their Web sites to share information, raise money or promote causes say they fear it's only a matter of time. They cite, for example, a 2005 comment by William L. Smith, then chief technology officer for BellSouth, which has merged with AT&T, that Internet service providers should be able to charge a firm such as Yahoo for the opportunity to have its search site load faster than Google's site.

Now, whatever hifalutin language is used on either side of this debate, it comes down to this: bandwidth providers want to be able to charge data providers for different levels of service and individual bandwidth users don't want that. That's as plain as I can say it with no judgments involved as to who is more right. But proponents of either argument aren't leaving it that simply, so there is definitely a need to clarify. Here's an articulate argument against Net Neutrality (until, at least, it becomes an obvious necessity).

Network neutrality is supposed to promote continuing Internet innovation by restricting the ability of network owners to give certain traffic priority based on the content or application being carried or on the sender's willingness to pay. The problem is that these restrictions would prohibit practices that could increase the value of the Internet for customers.

Traffic management is a prime example. When traffic surges beyond the ability of the network to carry it, something is going to be delayed. When choosing what gets delayed, it makes sense to allow a network to favor traffic from, say, a patient's heart monitor over traffic delivering a music download. It also makes sense to allow network operators to restrict traffic that is downright harmful, such as viruses, worms and spam.

Kind of a red herring though. Legislation can make what whatever provisions it needs to ensure that medical or emergency traffic is assured of speedy delivery. This includes things like remote surgery or VOIP calls to 911. Not only that, but as far as the technical side of things, data "surges" can be accomodated by laying more fiber down. That's what you pay your ISP for. That's what they're supposed to be spending some of that revenue on. Furthermore, that's not what people at AT&T are talking about. Don't believe in corporate goodwill; they want to charge web content providers for the privilege of faster access to their websites. And there's nothing stopping them from regulating the flow of viruses, worms, and spam now...so why aren't they doing it?

Pricing raises similar issues. To date, Internet pricing has been relatively simple. Based on experience in similar markets, we expect that, if left alone, pricing and service models will probably evolve. For example, new services with guaranteed delivery quality might emerge to support applications such as medical monitoring that require higher levels of reliability than the current Internet can guarantee. Suppliers could be expected to charge higher prices for these premium services.

Blocking premium pricing in the name of neutrality might have the unintended effect of blocking the premium services from which customers would benefit. No one would propose that the U.S. Postal Service be prohibited from offering Express Mail because a "fast lane" mail service is "undemocratic." Yet some current proposals would do exactly this for Internet services.

Let's say you're an at-home patient who needs 24 hour medical monitoring. You pay the hospital or whoever it is to do the monitoring and you pay the ISP for access to the internet. Now the argument is that your monitoring service should be able to pay the ISP for guaranteed data transmission without fail. That would be a premium service, and in such cases reliability is absolutely paramount. But that doesn't mean it should be adopted as a model for the entire internet. As a matter of fact, I think it would be safer to adopt Net Neutrality with the provision that such medical services must receive first priority. Before you argue that it's impossible to distinguish what kind of information is being trasmitted (that is, the ISP couldn't tell the difference between a heartrate monitor and hardcore porn), remember that it is possible to differentiate between where the data goes. Any domain registered with the ISP with legitimate credentials would get a free pass. So even if the user laying in bed used the same connection to look at porn at the same time as his heart was being monitored, the ISP could give priority to one or the other.

This also brings up an important issue: most data bottlenecks happen in the vicinity of the end-point; that is, the receiver. When you're using your computer at home and notice a slow-down at about 5 or 6PM, that's because everybody in your neighborhood with your ISP got home and logged on. Your connection to Amazon or Yahoo or whoever is irrelevant because their webservers aren't being overloaded. That's whether you pay for 56K dialup or whether you pay for 15Mbps Verizon Fios. Net Neutrality won't affect that one way or the other, and whether Yahoo pays to load faster than Google or not, both will still be slower for you (unless you're rich of course and pay for a T1 of your own or something, which is what you can already do).

As far as the concerns the individual user, you'll never experience a change for the better. They can't give more bandwidth to those who pay, they can only slow down those who don't. As more and more users get online and more and more traffic is shuffled around the existing internet, you might see service degrade overall. That's why if bandwidth is an issue, the ISPs need to get in gear and roll out more fiber instead of increasing prices for a smaller and smaller piece of the pie. The answer to that is not to let the ISPs slow non-premium paying sites down, it's to increase the bandwidth overall. And finally, if so many users are visiting a website that it's slowing down, the ISP can't do anything about that anyway. That's an issue with the website, in that they need to buy more servers and buy more bandwidth (not faster). But you rarely find websites to be like that. Some instances are when tickets go on sale (at ticketmaster.com, for example), or over the holidays when Amazon was having special offers and you had to log on at a certain time. Otherwise, it happens during a Denial of Service attack. All of this has nothing to do with your ISP, and that's why the idea of them offering "Premium Service" has no meaning to you or me and seems like merely a way of extorting more money from web content providers and giving us trouble by slowing down sites that can't pay for it.

The analogy of the Postal Service does not stand. The Post office moves all mail at the same speed, except for the stuff you pay extra for. They move that faster. The ISPs can't offer to move any data faster, as it all moves at the same speed (relative to your websites, ISP servers, and you). You can't pay for any data to get to you any faster. It's not even possible because of the technical limitations (like how your email gets turned into a bunch of different data packets and takes innumerable paths through a bunch of different servers along the route; who are you going to pay?). The Post office doesn't slow all mail down so that you can buy a premium service which gets to you at the same speed all mail used to; it actually does speed it up. It's not the same thing at all.

We're not saying that all discrimination is good or that the market always gets it right. Some forms of discrimination can be harmful, especially when service providers have market power. For example, if a local telephone company that is a monopoly provider of both broadband access and plain old telephone service for a community blocks its broadband subscribers from using an Internet phone service offered by a rival company, this discrimination can harm both competition and consumers.

Does this mean we believe that we should place all our trust in the market and the current providers? No. But it does mean we should wait until there is a problem before rushing to enact solutions.

What does the market ever get right except making money for those who own resources? How many times do I have to point out the example of the Robber Barons for what an unregulated market does? Why wait for problems to arise and then solve them after they've already caused trouble? Look, the Ford Pinto had problems that Ford knew about when they designed it. But because there weren't any laws that would harm Ford or keep them from building it, they went ahead and did it. When the public and the government know that a problem probably will arise because of some action a corporation is taking, it's better to stop it before it begins, not after!

Here are my own thoughts on this issue. Let's say you want to go online and look at Amazon.com to shop for books. First, Amazon establishes itself online. It buys its servers and pays an ISP for access. The default speed is the speed of electrons through copper wire or the speed of light through fiber optic lines. This speed is, of course, impeded by the hosts en route between the provider and end user. The ISP lays out the copper wire or fiber and charges for people to use it by the amount of data they move. You pay an ISP to get online for basically the same thing, except more data comes into your computer than leaves it. At the level of the individual, you basically pay for the speed level instead of the data amount because you actually use so little data. That means that no matter how fast data flows out onto the Internet, you can only get it as fast as you can get it and you're paying for the privilege. So there's Amazon, ISP1 (the ISP Amazon uses), ISP2 (the ISP you use), and you. Now Amazon is paying umpteen-million a month for using somebody's lines. Let's say you're paying about $50 a month for broadband.

Now what ISP1 is proposing is that for an extra fee, they'll let Amazon keep the same speed as before and they won't let them be slowed down, whereas for Blogger.com that doesn't pay for the premium, it will be serviced at a slower rate. Now if both rates are above your 15Mbps connection (if you have such), it doesn't matter to you. But it's not likely that both will be above that speed, and if the ISP feels it necessary, it may actually service that website at a slower speed, like 3Mbps. So no matter what bandwidth you pay for, you'll only be getting what the other ISP feels like giving. Or maybe they won't limit it overall, but at peak times, your connection to Blogger.com will be slowed down whereas your connection to Amazon.com will remain nice and perky. You may not care, but what if you do? Envision this also; whatever surcharge they add on for premium service to Amazon will be rolled into your purchases from Amazon.com because they're not going to eat the costs. Part of the price of an item is already their operating costs, because they're not shy about charging you for them. Let's say there's another site you shop from, Bookstore.com, which is pretty much exactly like Amazon.com but it doesn't pay for premium speed. When you buy from Amazon, items may be a little more expensive, but you can browse faster. When you buy from Bookstore, items are the same old price but it's hella slow. And in both cases you're paying for their costs, but in the case of Amazon you're paying extra so that you can get the same old site speed and service. What good is that to you? It sounds like crap to me.

Ok, if ISPs want to charge more for laying more cable or fiber for a guaranteed service which is separate from their services in general, that's fine with me. But it's not fine with me if the speed I pay for is irrelevant when it comes to internet services. It's not fair, but what am I going to do, quit using the internet? Is that like how we're supposed to control market prices of food by not eating when food prices are high? You may think that's a hyperbolic comparison, but is it so much when you're the one on the heart monitor?

Net Neutrality still in play

The end of this Congress — and death of Sen. Ted Stevens’ bad bill — gives us the chance to have a long overdue public conversation about what the future of the Internet should look like. This will not only include ensuring Net Neutrality, but making the Internet faster, more affordable and accessible.

Well, that bill died, but Net Neutrality is not yet guaranteed. Be sure that there will be a second round. Remember to go to Save the Internet and do what you can to make sure that Net Neutrality is passed into law. With the Democratic Congress, there's a much better chance of doing that now.

Net Neutrality

In case you haven't seen this topic in the news, basically the big telcos are asking Congress to allow them to restructure internet access such that websites will basically have to pay for whatever degree of speed they want you to have on their website. For example, if you have broadband and you pretty much get all pages to load instantaneously now, after this restructuring you might find that while Amazon.com still loads quickly, your local newspaper (or your favorite blog, Three Wise Men) loads at the same speed you'd get with a 56k modem. And this is not exaggerating, this is exactly what the telcos are aiming for. Bigger sites with more money get more access, which is a corporate model. This column sums up the problem nicely.

For the past several years, the Federal Communications Commission has enforced a view of broadband regulation that emphasizes competition between types of broadband while effectively ruling out meaningful competition within broadband delivery methods. Hence the ruling that cable companies and DSL providers need not lease their lines to competing ISPs if they don't want to (and why would they?).

By the FCC's reckoning, that means I have broadband choice here on the northwest side of Chicago. Well, sort of. For cable, my sole choice is Comcast-and that's what I use, with few service complaints. On the other hand, DSL is not an option for me because of the lousy infrastructure in my over 80-year-old neighborhood and my distance from the DSLAM. Broadband over power lines? Not yet. Citywide WiFi network? A gleam in Mayor Daley's eye. WiMAX? Some day, maybe. Broadband choice? Not in any coherent sense of the word.

You should read the article linked to in the header as well as the rest of this column. To me this is not some abstract issue of free-market vs. regulation because you can't even begin to make the argument that consumer choice exists. And when your cable company decides what content to prioritize (or shut off access to it completely), it's anything but free.

Save the internet

PS: The Save the Internet movement is an activity of Moveon.org. They're not attempting to hide it, but if you didn't get that, now you know.